원래 이름 기록: Kansas State University Research Foundation

Methods of enhancing the cycle life of metal anodes, and particularly lithium anodes, of rechargeable batteries are provided. Decoupling the plating current density from the stripping current density has been shown to provide high stability and reversibility for plating and stripping cycles, especially when a 3-D conductive host, such as a vertically aligned carbon nanofiber array, is employed. In particular, a relatively high plating current density is employed to produce more uniform metal morphologies comprising smaller micro-columns or micro-spheres, and moderate to low stripping current densities are employed to more completely strip the metal thereby reducing dead metal deposits remaining on the anode.