원래 이름 기록: ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE (EPFL)

A neurodegenerative disorder biosensing system including at least one plasmonic device including a plurality of plasmonic nanostructures; at least one optical detector; and at least one data processing device including at least one processor configured to process a plurality of absorption spectra determined from the reflected optical infra-red spectra, the plurality of absorption spectra representing time-resolved infra-red absorption by at least one of: (i) first protein secondary structure types formed from neurodegenerative disorder aggregated proteins and (ii) second protein secondary structure types formed from neurodegenerative disorder aggregated proteins. The at least one processor configured to process the plurality of absorption spectrum signals to identify the first protein secondary structure type and the second protein secondary structure type, and to distinguish the identified first protein secondary structure type from the second protein secondary structure type, and to distinguish the identified second protein secondary structure type from the first protein secondary structure type.

Systems, methods and apparatus for detecting and assessing influence within a social network that treat influence as a causal quantity and approach this task from the perspective of structural causal models.