원래 이름 기록: Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

A composite membrane based on ball type copper phthalocyanine (Cu-Pc) compounds having oil rejection rates of 98% and more when fluid mixtures of oil and water are passed through the membranes under transmembrane pressures of 1 to 3 bar. Higher performance can be attributed to the presence of ball type copper phthalocyanine compounds in the membrane matrix that enhances the hydrophilicity of the membranes.

A method of reducing a biofilm, including mixing a cobalt salt and an iron salt in water to form a solution. The method further includes adding an aloe vera extract to the solution and stirring for 1 hour to 10 hours at a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius (° C.) to 80° C. to form a gel. Heating the gel to form a foam, calcining the foam at a temperature of 600° C. to 1000° C. for 1 hour to 3 hours to form CoFeONPs, and contacting the CoFeONPs with a biofilm on a surface. The CoFeONPs reduce an amount of the biofilm after the contacting. The CoFeONPs have an average size of 5 nanometers (nm) to 35 nm. The CoFeONPs form aggregates having an average size of 500 micrometers (μm) to 1 μm.